since solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction (spme and lpme) were introduced, as effective solvent-free methods, many efforts have been made to improve their modes and applications. however, due to limitations with sensitivity and efficiency, researchers have focused on improving the performance of their basic primary modes. in this way, in recent years, different methods such as ultrason...

Direct analysis of samples, regardless their origin, is desirable although for the majority of cases unfeasible on account of the complexity of the sample matrix, inadequate concentration of the target analytes, or even incompatibility with the detector. In these cases, a sample pretreatment step is required for interference removal and analytes separation/preconcentration. Despite valuable adv...

the applicability of hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction (hf-lpme) was evaluated for the extraction and preconcentration of loratadine prior to determination by hplc. in order to obtain high extraction recovery, the parameters affecting the hf-lpme including type of organic phase, ph of the source and receiving phases, stirring rate, extraction time and salt addition were studied an...

a simple, inexpensive and efficient method was used for extraction and determination of fexofenadine and levocetirizine with three–phase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. several parameters influencing the extraction recoveries such as the nature of organic extraction solvent, ph of donor and acceptor phases, stirring rate, extraction time and...

Phthalate esters are endocrine disrupters or mutagens. They are widely used as plasticizers and can be usually found in environmental samples, such as food, soil and polluted air. However, it is difficult to directly determine phthalate esters owing to their relatively low concentration and complex matrices. Therefore, preconcentration and separation have become increasingly important. In recen...

The development of faster, simpler, inexpensive and more environmentally-friendly sample-preparation techniques is an important issue in chemical analysis. Recent research trends involve miniaturization of the traditional liquid-liquid-extraction principle by greatly reducing the acceptor-to-donor ratio. The current trend is towards simplification and miniaturization of sample preparation and d...

foodstuffs analysis is very important due to population growth and increasing consumer demand for safety and nutritional excellence. the analysis of different compounds in foodstuffs is so difficult without using sample preparation techniques. traditional techniques require large amounts of toxic organic solvents. as a result, they are not only expensive but also environmentally unfriendly and ...

Abbreviations: AIBN, 2,20-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile; ASE, Accelerated solvent extraction; CAR, Carboxen; DAD, Diode-array detector; DI-SPME, Direct-immersion solid-phase extraction; DSPE, Dispersive solid-phase extraction; EGDMA, Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate; ESE, Enhanced solvent extraction; ESI, Electrospray ionization; FD, Fluorescence detection; FLD, Fluorimetric detection; GC, Gas chromat...

A new, rapid and sensitive microextraction technique named vortex-assisted liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLLME) is proposed. The complete extraction process involves two steps. First, a vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) procedure was used to extract the analytes from a relatively large volume of sample (donor phase) to a small volume of organic solvent (intermedia...